土地规模化经营能否促进农业社会化服务获取?——基于全国3类农户样本的实证分析

土地流转和农业社会化服务是经营规模化和服务规模化的根本途径,研究二者关系对农业供给侧结构性改革、农业现代化发展乃至乡村振兴具有重要意义。基于第二期"全国新型农业经营主体发展指数调查"数据,运用负二项回归模型实证分析土地流转及转入不同特征土地对普通农户、专业大户和家庭农场农业社会化服务获取的影响。结果表明,单纯的土地转入对不同类型农户农业社会化服务获取均不具有显著影响。但如果转入土地有利于规模化经营、农业基础设施较好,则能显著促进社会化服务获取。另外,农户经营能力越强,对不同类型社会化服务的应用程度也越高。因此,政府应推动更有效率的土地流转,实现农业适度规模经营;加强农业社会化服务供给,提升农户生产经营效率;强化经营主体培训,增强联结带动能力。     

人地协调视角下农村居民点利用质量评价与提升策略

农村居民点高质量利用是乡村振兴的一种具体表现，综合开展农村居民点质量评价、全面改善质量障碍要素是科学编制村庄规划和优化农村要素配置的基础。该研究以北京市平谷区为例，从土地集约利用和人居环境品质相互协调的视角界定农村居民点利用质量内涵并构建评价体系，综合运用熵权-TOPSIS法、变异系数修正的弹性系数法和障碍度诊断模型，对农村居民点利用质量进行评价并提出相应的提升策略。结果表明：1）平谷区农村居民点土地集约利用水平中等偏高，人居环境品质和农村居民点利用综合质量则中等偏低。2）平谷区农村居民点类型表现为中等质量主导、高质量次之、低质量偏少，对应着从脱钩F弱型、脱钩T弱型、正向挂钩F强型、负向挂钩F弱型、正向挂钩T强型、负向挂钩T弱型、正向挂钩T-F同强型、负向挂钩T-F同弱型的村庄数量依次降低。3）平谷区农村居民点高质量利用的障碍要素主要体现在规模强度、空间布局、生活环境和生产环境4个维度，从高质量到低质量利用类型，障碍因素数量增多、作用程度逐渐增大。4）平谷区应充分发挥生态环境优势，在"整体化、集约化、人本化和善治化"战略导向下，按照"高质量利用类适当优化、中等质量利用类同步调控、低质量利用类系统整治"策略，分类有序地推进农村居民点质量提升。     

木荷的经济价值及培育措施

指出了木荷是云南的珍贵树种,种源稀少,通过森林资源调查,发现了南华县雨露乡铅厂村委会有部分零星资源分布,保护种质资源,意义重大。通过梳理,阐述了木荷资源在南华县的分布特征、经济价值和园林应用,提出了充分利用木荷资源的具体措施,制定了种苗培育的实施方案,以有利于城市绿化建设,创建秀美河山。     

振安区农机深松整地作业技术推广应用研究

实施农机深松整地作业技术有利于农业可持续发展。介绍振安区农机深松整地技术发展现状与技术模式,阐述该技术推广应用中采取的措施及存在的问题,提出逐步建立起技术示范应用长效机制,以期为科学高效地推进农机深松整地技术在振安区的推广应用提供参考。     

不同施氮水平对柳枝稷光合特性及抗旱性的影响

为了探究宁夏银北盐碱地区柳枝稷高产优质高效栽培过程中最佳的施氮量及其对柳枝稷叶片光合特性及抗旱性的影响,本研究采用大田试验,以Cave-in-Rock品种柳枝稷为供试材料,设无氮添加(0 kg·hm-2,N0)、施低氮(60 kg·hm-2,N60)、中氮(120 kg·hm-2,N120)和高氮(240 kg·hm-2,N240)共4个施氮水平,分析比较了各生育时期内柳枝稷叶片光合特性、渗透调节物质及抗氧化酶活性的变化,同时采用隶属函数法综合评价了盐碱地柳枝稷的抗旱性.结果表明,随着不同施氮水平的增加,柳枝稷各生育时期内叶片叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和细胞间隙CO2浓度(Ci)整体呈现先升后降的趋势,均在施中氮(N120)处理下达到峰值.与无氮添加(N0)处理相比,施低氮(N60)、中氮(N120)和高氮(N240)处理下柳枝稷叶片的SPAD值平均增加了4.73％、18.71％和8.86％,净光合速率(Pn)平均提高了5.55％、17.02％和12.41％,气孔导度(Gs)平均升高了7.87％、56.18％和39.33％,细胞间隙CO2浓度(Ci)平均增加了7.86％、30.71％和13.81％.柳枝稷叶片蒸腾速率(Tr)在高氮(N240)处理下达到最大值,叶片水分利用效率(WUE)随着不同施氮水平的增加而逐渐下降.隶属函数分析结果表明,施中氮(N120)处理下柳枝稷各抗旱指标隶属函数值的均值最大.因此,本试验条件下有利于提高柳枝稷叶片光合能力和抗旱性的适宜施氮水平为120 kg·hm-2.     

我国内蒙古西部地区国有林场经营现状与发展问题探析

国有林场在内蒙古林业生态建设中具有骨架作用,是祖国生态安全屏障的重要组成部分与支撑点,也是贯彻落实生态文明建设,践行“绿水青山就是金山银山”理念不可或缺的重要实施主体。在深入了解与掌握内蒙古自治区西部地区6个市国有林场经营现状的基础上,总结归纳了内蒙古西部地区国有林场经营的特点,深入分析了内蒙古西部地区国有林场面临的问题与困境,并探讨解决这些问题的途径,为国有林场今后的发展提出了合理化建议。     

Investigation of environmental and land use impacts in forested permafrost headwaters of the Selenga-Baikal river system,Mongolia - Effects on discharge,water quality and macroinvertebrate diversity

Headwater streams play a major role for provision of ecosystem services, e.g. drinking water. We investigated a high-altitude headwater catchment of the Kharaa River (including 41 1st-order rivers) to understand the impact of land cover (especially forest cover), environment and human usage on runoff, chemical water quality and macroinvertebrate fauna in a river basin under discontinuous permafrost conditions in an arid, sparsely populated region of Mongolia. To verify our hypotheses that different landuses and environmental impacts in permafrost headwaters influence water quality, we investigated 105 sampling sites, 37 of them at intermittent stream sections without water flow. Discharge was positively impacted by land cover types steppe, grassland and forest and negatively by shrubland, forest burnt by wild fires (indicating a reduction of permafrost) and slope. Water quality was affected by altitude, longitude and latitude, shrub growth and water temperature. Shannon diversity of macroinvertebrates was driven by water temperature, iron content of the water, flow velocity, and subbasin size (adjusted R² = 0.54). Sample plots clustered in three groups that differed in water chemistry, macroinvertebrate diversity, species composition and bio-indicators. Our study confirms that steppes and grasslands have a higher contribution to runoff than forests, forest cover has a positive impact on water quality, and diversity of macroinvertebrates is higher in sites with less nutrients and pollutants. The excellent ecological status of the upper reaches of the Kharaa is severely threatened by forest fires and human-induced climate change and urgently needs to be conserved.     

五指山耕地土壤养分现状调查与评价

为了明确海南山区耕地土壤养分空间分布特征，为热带山区耕地土壤养分管理提供思路。以海南五指山市耕地为研究对象，采用野外调查、采样和室内分析相结合的方法，阐述土壤养分现状，探讨其土壤养分分布规律。结果表明：五指山耕地土壤总体呈酸性，其pH值为5.1；土壤有机质、有效磷、速效钾和中量元素(钙、镁、硫)含量均为中等或偏下水平，土壤有效铜和有效锌含量较为丰富。五指山耕地土壤酸化和养分含量分布不均主要与气候、母质分布和施肥不平衡有关。     

Soil protection for a sustainable future: options for a soil monitoring network for Ireland

The increased recognition of the importance of soil is reflected in the UN Post‐2015 Development Agenda with sustainable development goals that directly and indirectly relate to soil quality and protection. Despite a lack of legally binding legislation for soil protection, the European Commission remains committed to the objective of soil protection. However, the achievement of a legally binding framework for soil protection relies on the implementation of a soil monitoring network (SMN) that can detect changes to soil quality over time. As beneficiaries do not pay for the provision of soil information, the options for soil monitoring are limited. The use of existing data sets should be considered first. Using Ireland as an example, this research explored the opportunities for a SMN for Ireland considering three existing national data sets. The options for a SMN are considered in terms of their spatial and stratified distribution, the parameters to be measured and an economic analysis of the options proposed. This research finds that for Ireland, either a 10 or a 16 km² grid interval stratified by land use and drainage class offers the best potential in relation to the spatial distribution of existing data sets to reflect local data at a national level. With existing data, the stratified SIS data using the 16 km² grid offers the best value for money, with baseline costs for analysis, excluding field costs, of between €706 481 and €2.8 million. Acknowledging the impossibility of measuring all parameters with ideal frequency, this study proposes a two‐tier system for optimized monitoring frequency. Parameters must anticipate future policy requirements. Finally, the implementation of a SMN must be accompanied by standardized methods, defined thresholds and action mandates to maintain soil quality within allowable limits.     

长武塬区苹果园和农田相互转换的深层土壤水环境效应

研究长武塬区苹果园和农田相互转换后0~1 000 cm土壤含水量特征，分析了苹果园土壤干燥化和苹果园转换为农田后土壤水分的恢复效应。结果表明：2、7、17、23、29 a苹果园200~1 000 cm的平均土壤含水量分别为22.8%、21.4%、16.8%、15.4%、14.9%。500~1 000 cm土层中，29 a苹果园平均土壤含水量（14.5%）高于23 a的果园（13.3%）；17~29 a的苹果园均表现为轻度干燥化；基于苹果园和农田转换后土壤水分变化情况估算，苹果园最大种植年限为21 a。苹果园转换为农田1、5、10 a后，农田200~1 000 cm土层土壤含水量分别为：15.3%、15.7%和16.2%，恢复到土壤稳定湿度以上的土层厚度分别为140 cm（1 a）、220 cm（5 a）和400 cm（10 a）。